0 PHP-specific questions would you ask in a job interview

First, I wouldn't be worried about asking questions that are too specific or asking too many of them.
As an example of why specific questions are important, when I was interviewing for my current position the bulk of the interview (at least an hour) was spent going over various programming questions.
I was asked to write the following code examples on a white board for scrutiny or answer these questions:

• What is POST, GET, SESSION and how do they differ
• Simple Select Statement
• Select Statement with Joins and a Where Clause
• Example of recursion (specifically removing slashes from $_POST)
• Example of connecting the database, executing the query, and then outputting the result

Now when I interview I also ask questions like these:

• What is inheritance? polymorphism? encapsulation?
• Show an example of inheritance
• Are you familiar with Model-View-Controller
• What data abstraction patterns have you employed? Please demonstrate
• What frameworks are you familiar with? What did you like / not like about each

At the same time I was interviewing, my old boss was interviewing applicants to take and my place and he did so without a programmer present at all. As a result they ended up with a guy that didn't know how to separate his php code from his html tags.
The more specific you are during the interview, the more pleased you'll be later. As someone once said regarding marriage, "during courtship keep your eyes wide open." And I believe that the same is absolutely true when looking to hire a new programmer.

There are a few similar questions on StackOverflow:

• What PHP-specific questions would you ask in a job interview?
• PHP job interview questions?
• PHP Interview questions

The accepted answer on the first one is the one I like the most, but make sure you browse through all of them. To add to that:
Code

• Ask the candidate to write code
• Ask the candidate to read code

If you do ask the candidate to write code make sure that:

• The code is non trivial but small
• You allow access to the manual and the internet

If you do ask the candidate to read code make sure that:

• The code has some trivial errors
• The code has some non trivial errors
• The code works fine, but it can be easily optimized

You can use three or more different pieces of code, start from the simpler one and only advance to the next if you see that the candidate copes with ease. Throw in some recursion, to spice things up.
Resources
Ask for a detailed list of PHP resources the candidate uses. Books, blogs, forums, magazines, etc. That's how my current employers found out about StackOverflow.
If the candidate mentions StackOverflow or Programmers, you should NOT ask or try to find out their username. If they wanted to advertise their reputation they would have included a Careers 2.0 link on their resume.
Frameworks
Every PHP developer should know of the most popular PHP frameworks:

• Zend Framework
• CodeIgniter
• Symfony
• CakePHP
• Yii

and be fluent in at least one of them. You can have a few code samples ready for each one and ask the candidate to read and explain them, after they tell you which one they are more familiar with.
Debugging & Profiling
I've always felt that PHP developers are lacking debugging and profiling skills (perhaps only the PHP developers I've worked with). If during the discussion you find out that the candidate actively uses xdebug, don't bother with the rest of the interview and just hire them. ;)
Input sanitization
This is important. You can start with a discussion on why it's important and then ask for the most common methods to achieve it. This discussion will help you on what to ask.
Some hints:

• mysqli_real_escape_string is good
• magic quotes are bad

PHP snafus
You can find a lot of PHP snafus in this excellent discussion. If you are interviewing for a senior position you should definetaly ask on some of those. Some examples:
PHP's handling of numeric values in strings:

"01a4" != "001a4" // true
"01e4" == "001e4" // also true

Valid PHP code:

System.out.print("hello");

In PHP, a string is as good as a function pointer:

$x = "foo";
function foo(){ echo "wtf"; }
$x(); # "wtf"   

Unit testing
Need I say more?
Conclusion
A good PHP developer should combine a variety of skills & talents:

• A good understanding of HTTP
• A good understanding of Apache configuration (Even if you use a different web server at your company)
• At least a basic understanding of JavaScript
• A great understanding of HTML / CSS

The list goes on and on. Make sure you tailor the interview to the specific needs of the job opening, you don't want to hire just a good developer but a good developer that's great at what you immediately need him / her to do.

0 9 Things A Boss Should Never Say To An Employee

There’s been a fair amount of discussion recently in the media on the worst communication mistakes employees make, and the negative comments employees should never say to a boss. This week, I’d like to turn the tables. There are likewise expressions a manager should never proclaim to an employee.  Today’s article will benefit all thoughtful bosses and be a reminder of good management principles as well. Based on the comments I have received from both managers and employees, combined with a report from U.S. News, here’s my own list of things a supervisor should never say to an employee.

#1 Don’t Say -“I pay your salary. You have to do what I say”.  This statement is dictatorial.  Threats and power plays are not the way to inspire loyalty or great performance from the individual workers. Great executives lead by inspiring, teaching, encouraging, and even serving their employees. Good leaders do not need to threaten.

#2 Don’t Say -“You are very lucky to receive this bonus. Other companies are only giving their staff a frozen turkey”. A wise boss recognizes it’s his employees that produce profits and is never condescending to them. A bright manager should always be happy to reward industrious employees who contribute to the well being of an organization.

#3  Don’t Say -“I was here late last night, and on Saturday morning. Where were you?”  Expressing veiled pressure that an employee should be on duty 24/7 is erroneous and a sure path to dissatisfaction and low morale for workers.  Just because a manager works seven days a week doesn’t mean that faithful employees should do the same.

#4 Don’t Say – “You should stay here because we won’t discriminate against you for being a woman”. This insensitive remark was delivered to a female executive by her boss; an exemplary woman who had been the recent recipient of a Women in Technology award.  She left this thoughtless supervisor and is now embarking on a new career path after serving as a regional sales lead and general manager of one of the nation’s largest telecomm firms.  A great boss will never discriminate, and will never make an employee feel vulnerable, directly or indirectly, as the result of their gender, religious or political affiliation or race. Behavior such as this, if not illegal, is boorish.

#5 Don’t Say – “We’ve got to cut costs” (at the same time the manager is buying a new desk). When times are difficult, employees respect supervisors who are empathetic to the challenges employees must face. They resent any leader who lives a different standard.  In challenging times, managers should lead by example.

#6 Don’t Say – “I don’t want to listen to your complaints”. As a boss you should actively seek feedback, even negative comments.   I suggest a leader listen with an open mind and fully consider an employee’s issues.  Even in the case of a problem that can’t be helped, allowing an employee to vent for even a minute or two can go a long way toward building loyalty and high morale.

#7 Don’t Say – “We’ve always done it this way”. This statement is a sure way to squash innovation.  A better statement is to ask “What do you suggest we do to improve?”  In all likelihood, employees do know what can and should be done to enhance any task.  Our job as managers is to encourage workers to find creative solutions to age old problems and to reward them for their clear thinking.

#8  Don’t Say – “You’re doing a terrible job”.  Managers need to communicate expectations clearly. They should give employees the resources, budgets, deadlines, training and support they need to complete an assignment with distinction.  Managers should ask workers to repeat the instructions they receive to insure they fully understand the assigned tasks.  If employees make repeated mistakes, perhaps the task doesn’t match the employee’s competency or they have been given unclear instructions.

#9 Don’t Say -  “You’re stupid, the worst (expletive) worker ever”.  Anger, profanity and belittling are a spear through an employee’s heart. Bosses should behave with civility and professionalism.  A fellow Forbes columnist noted recently that while it is inadvisable for a boss to swear in front of an employee, it is absolutely unacceptable to swear at an employee.
In summary, a great manager should keep his or her word and strive to set a good example. A good boss will praise in public and if a constructive reprimand is necessary, provide it sparingly, privately, and with benevolence.  Allowing failure is a key of true delegation.  Lessons are learned from missed goals.  Learn to listen, and when employees provide feedback, do your best to consider their thoughts with an open mind.   If leaders follow these points, they will experience loyal and engaged employees who truly enjoy their assignments and contribute to the well being of the organization.
[Via:-forbes.com]

0 iOS Interview Questions and Answers

BEGINNER
Whats the difference between frame and bounds?

The frame of a view is the rectangle, expressed as a location (x,y) and size (width,height) relative to the superview it is contained within.
The bounds of a view is the rectangle, expressed as a location (x,y) and size (width,height) relative to its own coordinate system (0,0).

How would you create your own custom view?

Subclass the UIView class.
 

Whats a struct? 


A struct is a special C data type that encapsulates other pieces of data into a single cohesive unit. Like an object, but built into C.
 

Whats the difference between a NSArray and a NSMutableArray? 


A NSArray’s contents can not be modified once it’s been created whereas a NSMutableArray can be modified as needed, i.e items can be added/removed from it.

Is a delegate retained?


A: No, the delegate is never retained! Ever!

Whats fast enumeration?

Fast enumeration is a language feature that allows you to enumerate over the contents of a collection. (Your code will also run faster because the internal implementation reduces message send overhead and increases pipelining potential.)

Explain retain counts.

 Retain counts are the way in which memory is managed in Objective-C. When you create an object, it has a retain count of 1. When you send an object a retain message, its retain count is incremented by 1.
When you send an object a release message, its retain count is decremented by 1. When you send an object a autorelease message, its retain count is decremented by 1 at some stage in the future. If an object’s retain count is reduced to 0, it is deallocated.
 

INTERMEDIATE
 

If I call performSelector:withObject:afterDelay: – is the object retained?


 Yes the object is retained. It creates a timer that calls a selector on the current threads run loop. It may not be 100% precise time-wise as it attempts to dequeue the message from the run loop and perform the selector.
  

Can you explain what happens when you call autorelease on an object? 


When you send an object a autorelease message, its retain count is decremented by 1 at some stage in the future. The object is added to an autorelease pool on the current thread. The main thread loop creates an autorelease pool at the beginning of the function, and release it at the end. This establishes a pool for the lifetime of the task. However, this also means that any autoreleased objects created during the lifetime of the task are not disposed of until the task completes. This may lead to the task’s memory footprint increasing unnecessarily. You can also consider creating pools with a narrower scope or use NSOperationQueue with it’s own autorelease pool. (Also important – You only release or autorelease objects you own.)
   

Whats the NSCoder class used for?

NSCoder is an abstractClass which represents a stream of data. They are used in Archiving and Unarchiving objects. NSCoder objects are usually used in a method that is being implemented so that the class conforms to the protocol. (which has something like encodeObject and decodeObject methods in them).
 

 Whats an NSOperationQueue and how/would you use it?


 The NSOperationQueue class regulates the execution of a set of NSOperation objects. An operation queue is generally used to perform some asynchronous operations on a background thread so as not to block the main thread.
  

Explain the correct way to manage Outlets memory


Create them as properties in the header that are retained. In the viewDidUnload set the outlets to nil(i.e self.outlet = nil). Finally in dealloc make sure to release the outlet.

ADVANCED

    Q: Is the delegate for a CAAnimation retained?

    
A: Yes it is!! This is one of the rare exceptions to memory management rules.
  

Q: What happens when the following code executes?
     Ball *ball = [[[[Ball alloc] init] autorelease] autorelease];
  




A: It will crash because it’s added twice to the autorelease pool and when it it dequeued the autorelease pool calls release more than once.
   

   Q: Outline the class hierarchy for a UIButton until NSObject.

    
A: UIButton inherits from UIControl, UIControl inherits from UIView, UIView inherits from UIResponder, UIResponder inherits from the root class NSObject
   

    Q: Explain the difference between NSOperationQueue concurrent and non-concurrent.

    
A: In the context of an NSOperation object, which runs in an NSOperationQueue, the terms concurrent and non-concurrent do not necessarily refer to the side-by-side execution of threads. Instead, a non-concurrent operation is one that executes using the environment that is provided for it while a concurrent operation is responsible for setting up its own execution environment.
   

    Q: Implement your own synthesized methods for the property NSString *title.

    
A: Well you would want to implement the getter and setter for the title object. Something like this:
   
        – (NSString*) title {
          return title;
       }
       – (void) setTitle: (NSString*) newTitle {
   
       if (newTitle != title) {
            [title release];
       title = [newTitle retain]; // Or copy, depending on your needs.
       }
   
 }
  Q: Implement the following methods: retain, release, autorelease.


A:

 -(id)retain {
 NSIncrementExtraRefCount(self);
   return self;
 
   }

  -(void)release {

      if(NSDecrementExtraRefCountWasZero(self)) {
  
     NSDeallocateObject(self);

    }
   
      }
  
  -(id)autorelease {

         // Add the object to the autorelease pool

   [NSAutoreleasePool addObject:self];

     return self;
   }

Development Basics

Q1. Where can you test Apple iPhone apps if you don’t have the device?

A. iOS Simulator can be used to test mobile applications. Xcode tool that comes along with iOS SDK includes Xcode IDE as well as the iOS Simulator. Xcode also includes all required tools and frameworks for building iOS apps.  However, it is strongly recommended to test the app on the real device before publishing it.

Q2. Does iOS support multitasking?
A. iOS 4 and above supports multi-tasking and allows apps to remain in the background until they are launched again or until they are terminated.  

Q3. Which JSON framework is supported by iOS?
A. SBJson framework is supported by iOS.  It is a JSON parser and generator for Objective-C. SBJson provides flexible APIs and additional control that makes JSON handling easier.

Q4. What are the tools required to develop iOS applications?
A. iOS development requires Intel-based Macintosh computer and iOS SDK.

Q5. Name the framework that is used to construct application’s user interface for iOS.
A. The UIKit framework is used to develop application’s user interface for iOS. UIKit framework provides event handling, drawing model, windows, views, and controls specifically designed for a touch screen interface.

Q6. Name the application thread from where UIKit classes should be used?
A. UIKit classes should be used only from an application’s main thread.  Note: The derived classes of UIResponder and the classes which manipulate application’s user interface should be used from application’s main thread. 

Q7. Which API is used to write test scripts that help in exercising the application's user interface elements?
A. UI Automation API is used to automate test procedures. Tests scripts are written in JavaScript to the UI Automation API.  This in turn simulates user interaction with the application and returns log information to the host computer.

App States and Multitasking

Q8. Why an app on iOS device behaves differently when running in foreground than in background?
A. An application behaves differently when running in foreground than in background because of the limitation of resources on iOS devices.

Q9. How can an operating system improve battery life while running an app?
A. An app is notified whenever the operating system moves the apps between foreground and background.  The operating system improves battery life while it bounds what your app can do in the background. This also improves the user experience with foreground app.

Q10. Which framework delivers event to custom object when app is in foreground?
A. The UIKit infrastructure takes care of delivering events to custom objects. As an app developer, you have to override methods in the appropriate objects to process those events.

App States

Q11. When an app is said to be in not running state?
A. An app is said to be in 'not running' state when:
- it is not launched.
- it gets terminated by the system during running.

Q12. Assume that your app is running in the foreground but is currently not receiving events. In which sate it would be in?
A. An app will be in InActive state if it is running in the foreground but is currently not receiving events. An app stays in InActive state only briefly as it transitions to a different state.

Q13. Give example scenarios when an application goes into InActive state?
A. An app can get into InActive state when the user locks the screen or the system prompts the user to respond to some event e.g. SMS message, incoming call etc.

Q14. When an app is said to be in active state?
A. An app is said to be in active state when it is running in foreground and is receiving events.

Q15. Name the app sate which it reaches briefly on its way to being suspended.
A. An app enters background state briefly on its way to being suspended.

Q16. Assume that an app is not in foreground but is still executing code. In which state will it be in?
A. Background state.

Q17. An app is loaded into memory but is not executing any code. In which state will it be in?
A. An app is said to be in suspended state when it is still in memory but is not executing any code.

Q18. Assume that system is running low on memory. What can system do for suspended apps?
A. In case system is running low on memory, the system may purge suspended apps without notice.

Q19. How can you respond to state transitions on your app?
A. On state transitions can be responded to state changes in an appropriate way by calling corresponding methods on app's delegate object.

For example:
applicationDidBecomeActive method can be used to prepare to run as the foreground app.
applicationDidEnterBackground method can be used to execute some code when app is running in the background and may be suspended at any time.
applicationWillEnterForeground method can be used to execute some code when your app is moving out of the background
applicationWillTerminate method is called when your app is being terminated.

Q20. List down app's state transitions when it gets launched.
A. Before the launch of an app, it is said to be in not running state.
When an app is launched, it moves to the active or background state, after transitioning briefly through the inactive state.

Q21. Who calls the main function of you app during the app launch cycle?
A. During app launching, the system creates a main thread for the app and calls the app’s main function on that main thread. The Xcode project's default main function hands over control to the UIKit framework, which takes care of initializing the app before it is run.

Core App Objects

Q22. What is the use of controller object UIApplication?
A. Controller object UIApplication is used without subclassing to manage the application event loop.
It coordinates other high-level app behaviors.
It works along with the app delegate object which contains app-level logic.

Q23. Which object is create by UIApplicationMain function at app launch time?
A. The app delegate object is created by UIApplicationMain function at app launch time. The app delegate object's main job is to handle state transitions within the app.

Q24. How is the app delegate is declared by Xcode project templates?
A. App delegate is declared as a subclass of UIResponder by Xcode project templates.

Q25. What happens if IApplication object does not handle an event?
A. In such case the event will be dispatched to your app delegate for processing.

Q26. Which app specific objects store the app's content?
A. Data model objects are app specific objects and store app’s content. Apps can also use document objects to manage some or all of their data model objects.

Q27. Are document objects required for an application? What does they offer?
A. Document objects are not required but are very useful in grouping data that belongs in a single file or file package.

Q28. Which object manage the presentation of app's content on the screen?
A. View controller objects takes care of the presentation of app's content on the screen. A view controller is used to manage a single view along with the collection of subviews. It makes its views visible by installing them in the app’s window.

Q29. Which is the super class of all view controller objects?
A. UIViewController class. The functionality for loading views, presenting them, rotating them in response to device rotations, and several other standard system behaviors are provided by UIViewController class.

Q30. What is the purpose of UIWindow object?
A. The presentation of one or more views on a screen is coordinated by UIWindow object.

Q31. How do you change the content of your app in order to change the views displayed in the corresponding window?
A. To change the content of your app, you use a view controller to change the views displayed in the corresponding window. Remember, window itself is never replaced.

Q32. Define view object.
A. Views along with controls are used to provide visual representation of the app content. View is an object that draws content in a designated rectangular area and it responds to events within that area.

Q33. You wish to define your custom view. Which class will be subclassed?
A. Custom views can be defined by subclassing UIView.

Q34. Apart from incorporating views and controls, what else an app can incorporate?
A. Apart from incorporating views and controls, an app can also incorporate Core Animation layers into its view and control hierarchies.

Q35. What are layer objects and what do they represent?
A. Layer objects are data objects which represent visual content. Layer objects are used by views to render their content. Custom layer objects can also be added to the interface to implement complex animations and other types of sophisticated visual effects.

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0 Android Interview Questions and Answers

What is Android?
Android is a stack of software for mobile devices which includes an Operating System, middleware and some key applications. The application executes within its own process and its own instance of Dalvik Virtual Machine. Many Virtual Machines run efficiently by a DVM device. DVM executes Java languages byte code which later transforms into .dex format files.

What is the architecture of Android?

• Top > Applications (Contact, Brose and phone)
• Below > Application framework (Activity Manager, Content providers, view system and package manager)
• Below Application Frame work > System libraries like, webkit, SSL and OpenGL.
• Last > Linux Kernel (includes display and camera)

What is an Intent?
A class (Intent) which describes what a caller desires to do. The caller will send this intent to Android's intent resolver, which finds the most suitable activity for the intent. E.g. opening a PDF document is an intent, and the Adobe Reader apps will be the perfect activity for that intent (class).

 Describe the APK format?
The APK file is compressed form of an elongated version which is > AndroidManifest.xml, .dex files, resource files and other such files.

What is a service?
 A service doesn’t have a visual user interface, but rather runs in the background for an indefinite period of
time.
For example, a service might play background music as the user attends to other matters, or it might fetch data
over the network or calculate something and provide the result to activities that need it.Each service extends the
Service base class. 

What is an Activity?
A single screen in an application, with supporting Java code.

What is a content provider?
A content provider makes an appropriate list of the application’s data for other applications. The content provider expands its base class to implement a standard set of applied methods that store the data of all type of controls. But the applications do not call these methods directly they actually use a contentresolver tool and call for methods.

Does Android support the Bluetooth serial port profile?
Yes.

Can an application be started on powerup?
Yes. 

What is the latest Android platform for phones?
Android 4.0, named Ice-cream Sandwich. The versions that came out before this were

• 1.5 Cupcake
• 1.6 Donut
• 2.0/2.1 Eclair
• 2.2 Froyo
• 2.3.x Gingerbread
• 3.x.x Honeycomb
• 4.0.x IceCream Sandwich
• 4.1.x JellyBean

What is an action?

An action can be described as something that an intent sender desires.

What is an activity?

An activity is a single screen in an application which supports Java code.

How the nine-patch Image different from a regular bitmap? Alternatively, what is the difference between nine-patch Image vs regular Bitmap Image?

It is one of a resizable bitmap resource which is being used as backgrounds or other images on the device. The NinePatch class allows drawing a bitmap in nine sections. The four corners are unscaled; the middle of the image is scaled in both axes, the four edges are scaled into one axis.

What is a resource?

A user defined JSON, XML, bitmap, or other file, injected into the application build process, which can later be loaded from code.

How will you record a phone call in Android? or How to handle an Audio Stream for a call in Android?

Permission.PROCESS_OUTGOING_CALLS: Will Allow an application to monitor, modify, or abort outgoing calls. So using that permission we can monitor the Phone calls.

What is a Sticky Intent?

 sendStickyBroadcast() performs a sendBroadcast (Intent) known as sticky, i.e. the Intent you aresending stays around after the broadcast is complete, so that others can quickly retrieve that datathrough the return value of registerReceiver (BroadcastReceiver, IntentFilter). In all other ways, thisbehaves the same as sendBroadcast(Intent).
One example of a sticky broadcast sent via the operating system is ACTION_BATTERY_CHANGED. When you call registerReceiver() for that action -- evenwith a null BroadcastReceiver -- you get the Intent that was last broadcast for that action.Hence, you can use this to find the state of the batterywithout necessarily registering for allfuture state changes in the battery.Is there anyway to determine if an Intent passed into a BroadcastReceiver's onReceive isthe result of a sticky Boradcast Intent, or if it was just sent?

Example for sticky broadcast

 When you call registerReceiver() for that action -- even with a null BroadcastReceiver -- youget the Intent that was last broadcast for that action. Hence, you can use this to find the stateof the battery without necessarily registering for all future state changes in the battery.

Does Android support the Bluetooth serial port profile?
Yes, it does.

How to Translate in Android?
The Google translator translates the data of one language into another language by using XMPP to transmit data. You can type the message in English and select the language which is understood by the citizens of the country in order to reach the message to the citizens.

Which virtual machine does Android runs on?
It is Dalvik Virtual machine. It is a process virtual machine.

What are the differences between a domain and a workgroup?

In a domain, one or more computer can be a server to manage the network. On the other hand in a workgroup all computers are peers having no control on each other. In a domain, user doesn’t need an account to logon on a specific computer if an account is available on the domain. In a work group user needs to have an account for every computer.
In a domain, Computers can be on different local networks. In a work group all computers needs to be a part of the same local network.

What is the role of compatibility that is used in Android?

The compatibility is defined in terms of android compatible devices that run any application. This application is written by third party developers using the Android platform that comes in the form of SDK and NDK. There are many filters that are used to separate devices that are there to participate in the compatibility mode for the Android applications. The devices that are compatible require the android to approve it for their trademark. The devices that are not passes the compatibility are just given in the Android source code and can use the android trademark. The compatibility is a way through which the user can participate in the Android application platform. The source code is free to use and it can be used by anyone

What is the main reason of using process lifecycle in Android?

The android system will keep all the process that are hosting the services together at one place till the time the service is not started or connected to the client. The priority of the process is divided when running low on memory or when the process has to be killed. The process lifecycle is as follows:
• The service is running currently then the methods onCreate(), onStartCommand(), and onDestroy()methods, will run in the foreground to execute the process without being killed.
• The service is already started then the process can be considered as less important then the processes that are currently visible and used. This is done as there are only few processes that are visible to the users on the screen.
• The clients are bounded to the services they are providing requires more priority in the execution list.
• The service that is started uses startForeground(int, Notification)API to allow all the services to run in the foreground state. The system considers only the services where the user is still active as the services not to be killed.

What are the different data types used by Android?

The data can be passed between many services and activities using the following data types:
• Primitive Data Types: are used to share the activities and services of an application by using the command as Intent.putExtras(). This primitive data passes the command to show the persistent data using the storage mechanism. These are inbuilt data types that are used with the program. They provide simple implementation of the type and easy to use commands.
• Non-Persistent Objects: are used to share complex and non-persistent objects. These are user-defined data types that are used for short duration and are also recommended to be used. These types of objects allow the data to be unique but it creates a complex system and increase the delay.

Write a program to show the addition and removing of the package.

The package is a collection of similar or different classes that can be added or removed. The package that is added with the following parameter in the command as PACKAGE_ADDED action this allow to broadcast the message of addition to the entire system and in the same way the remove command action i.e. PACKAGE_REMOVED is used. The program that performs both the action is as follows:

<receiver android:name ="com.android.samples.app.PackageReceiver">
<intent-filter>
<action android:name="android.intent.action.PACKAGE_ADDED"/>
<action android:name="android.intent.action.PACKAGE_REMOVED"/>
<data android:scheme="package" />
</intent-filter>
</receiver>

What are the security measures that are taken to make Android secure?

Android uses many security measures to keep them away from the hackers. They have designed by making changes to the devices or installing a software service on the mobile. Android application uses sandbox that is very popular and allow limited access to the information that is very private and sensitive for the user. It allows the permissions to be set for the use of the information. The security measures that are provided by android is the use of the encryption of the messages that allow user to remain without worry about there phone security. They also consists of user terms and agreements that also taken care of. Most of the time android doesn't allow other applications to run on their system but it can be done by using different resources that are available on-line. As, android is open source it is not fully secure but lots of security issues are being solved for make it more popular and bug free.

Why is Google in charge of Android?

Launching a software platform is complex. Openness is vital to the long-term success of a platform, since openness is required to attract investment from developers and ensure a level playing field. However, the platform itself must also be a compelling product to end users.

That’s why Google has committed the professional engineering resources necessary to ensure that Android is a fully competitive software platform. Google treats the Android project as a full-scale product development operation, and strikes the business deals necessary to make sure that great devices running Android actually make it to market.

By making sure that Android is a success with end users, we help ensure the vitality of Android as a platform, and as an open-source project. After all, who wants the source code to an unsuccessful product?

Google’s goal is to ensure a successful ecosystem around Android, but no one is required to participate, of course. We opened the Android source code so anyone can modify and distribute the software to meet their own needs.